Virusi ni dosiye ikorwa hagamijwe kwangiza, cyangwa gukoreshwa mu byaha. Hari ubwoko bwinshi bwa virusi. Virusi na spyware zizwi nka porogaramu zangiza cyangwa “malware” mu Cyongereza.
Urugero, umunyorogoto (worm), ushobora kureba aho ufite intege nke mu mutekano igahita yikwirakwiza ako kanya mu zindi mudasobwa inyuze mu miyoboro (networks). Ifarashi ya Trojan (cyangwa mu buryo bworoshye ‘Porogaramu ya Trojan’) ni porogaramu igaragara ko nta kibazo iteza nyamara yifitemo ibintu byangiza. Porogaramu ya Zeus (n’izindi ziyikomokaho nka Gameover Zeus) ni urugero rwa Trojan, ishobora gukoreshwa mu kwangiza ahantu hanini no mu bikorwa bitandukanye by’ubugizi bwa nabi. Virusi zishobora kwangiza imikorere ya sisitemu ya mudasobwa cyangwa amakuru. Ukoresha mudasobwa ashobora kubona zimwe, ariko inyinshi zikorera ahatagaragara, ku buryo abakoresha mudasobwa batazirabukwa. Virusi ishobora gukorerwa kwikuba inshuro nyinshi.
Porogaramu y’intasi izwi nka “spyware” mu Cyongereza, ni ubwoko bwa virusi bwakorewe by’umwihariko kwiba amakuru ku bijyanye n’ibyo ukorera kuri mudasobwa yawe Abakora spyware baba bafite intego zitandukanye, ahanini zijyanye n’uburiganya bugamije amafaranga. Porogaramu y’intasi ishobora gukora ibikorwa bitandukanye bitemewe, kuva ku kohereza ubutumwa bwamamaza buza kuri screen kugeza ku kubwiba izina ukoresha winjira kuri konti yawe ya banki; bafotora imbuga usura bakanasigarana inyuguti wanditse igihe winjizaga urufunguzo. Spyware nazo zishobora kwikuba inshuro nyinshi.
Birashoboka ko, virusi yaza mu gikoresho cyawe mu bwoko bwa Trojan, ifite ubushobozi bwo kwikuba inshuro nyinshi mbere y’uko ijya mu bindi bikoresho (nk’umunyorogoto) kandi ikaba imeze nk’igice cya porogaramu y’intasi (spyware). Virusi na spyware ni ubwoko bwa porogaramu zangiza, zirimo n’izindi nka rootkit, dishonest adware (izohereza amatangazo yamamaza) na scareware.
Ibyago bishoboka
Virusi na spyware bishobora gutera mudasobwa yawe biciye mu nzira zikurikira:
- Gufungura imigereka ifite amavirusi nk’inyandiko za .exe.
- Gufungura dosiye zanduye zivuye ku mbuga z’ibigo byo kohererezanyaho dosiye kuri internet (urugero HighTail,yari izwi kera ku izina rya YouSendIt,, Dropbox).
- Gusura imbuga zangiritse.
- Ziciye kuri internet, umuntu uri kuyikoresha atari kuzibona (umunyorogoto (worms) ni urugero rw’ibi).
- Ibintu biri mu muri dosiye z’ubusabe (inyandiko ziri muri “word”, inyandiko zo muri “Excel” n’ibindi) .
- Ibikoresho bya USB bicometse (nka fulashi, hard disk igendanwa, ibikina indirimbo z’amajwi ari muri MP3, kamera).
- CD/DVD.
Virusi na spyware bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye cyane zirimo:
- Kwibwa umwirondoro.
- Uburiganya.
- Gusiba, kwiba no kwangiza amakuru.
- Gutuma mudasobwa igenda gahoro cyangwa yanga gukora.
Porogaramu y’umutekano kuri internet (porogaramu ikumira virusi/porogaramu nzitirantasi cyangwa antispyware)
Ni ingenzi ko porogaramu yawe y’umutekano kuri internet ihora ijyanye n’igihe kugira ngo iguhe ubwirinzi bwuzuye bushoboka bwose. Virusi nshya ibihumbi zigenda zimenyekana buri gihe, tutabariyemo ubwoko bushya bw’izisanzwe n’ubw’inshya. Buri imwe iba ifite ikiyiranga cyangwa icyo izwiho cyane bituma abakora porogaramu z’umutekano kuri mudasobwa bazimenya bagashaka uburyo bakora amavugurura ajyanye n’ibikenewe.
Porogaramu nyinshi z’umutekano kuri internet zihita zikurira kuri internet ibyazifasha kwivugurura (rimwe na rimwe byitwa ‘definitions’) buri gihe, uko ugiye kuri internet kandi wishyuye umusanzu wawe ku mwaka (kuri porogaramu zishyuzwa). Ibi bishobora kukurinda na porogaramu igamije kwangiza cyangwa kwiba iba igisohoka.
Porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet zigenzura virusi mu buryo butandukanye:
- Igenzura email wakiriye ireba niba nta virusi zizanye.
- Ireba dosiye zifungurwa cyangwa zikorwa kugira ngo imenye neza ko zitanduye.
- Ikora igenzura mu bihe bitandukanye kuri dosiye ziri muri mudasobwa yawe.
Zimwe muri porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet zishobora kugenzura ibikoresho bicometse bya USB (urugero nka fulashi, hard disk igendanwa, ibikina indirimbo z’amajwi ari muri MP3, kamera), uko bishyirwaho. Zimwe zinagaragaza imbuga ugomba gushidikanyaho.
Porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet ntabwo zishobora kukurinda:
- Ubutumwa udakeneye.
- Ubwoko ubwo ari bwo bwose bw’uburiganya cyangwa ibyaha bikorerwa kuri internet bitaturutse kuri virusi.
- Umujura ugaba ibitero kuri internet ashaka kwinjira muri mudasobwa yawe.
Porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet nta kamaro zigira iyo zizimije cyangwa zitavuguruye ku buryo zabasha guhangana n’ubwoko bushya bwa virusi, kandi ujye wibuka ko nta porogaramu y’umutekano kuri internet n’imwe itibeshya, rero ntihabura porogaramu yangiza yaturutse ku mugereka w’abakora uburiganya cyangwa urubuga rw’ikinyoma icika porogaramu yawe.
Guhitamo porogaramu y’umutekano kuri internet
Hari amahitamo menshi wakoresha mu gufata icyemezo cya porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet wagura kugira ngo uzikoreshe ku bwawe cyangwa ku mpamvu z’akazi. Iyo wahitamo yose, kora ku buryo uyigura ku mucuruzi ucuruza ubwoko bwizewe, kandi ufate inziza ubushobozi bwawe bukwemerera kugura.
Hari amasesengura atandukanye y’abantu bigenga yakozwe ku bwoko butandukanye bwa porogaramu z’umutekano wo kuri internet aboneka kuri internet, harimo aya aturutse kuri Tech Advisor: www.techadvisor.co.uk/test-centre/security/best-antivirus-3676938/
- Porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet zigurwa nk’ipaki cyangwa imwe imwe. Abacuruzi benshi batanga porogaramu igenzura virusi gusa, ndetse bagacuruza n’amapaki yuzuye y’umutekano atanga ubwirinzi burimo porogaramu nzitirabacengezi (antispyware), akayunguruzo k’ubutumwa budakenewe, firewall na porogaramu iha ababyeyi ubushobozi bwo kugena ibyo abana babona. Ibiciro bitandukanira ku biri mu bwoko. Ipaki igomba kuba irimo ibintu byose ukeneye kugira ngo irinde mudasobwa zawe, ibikoresho bigendanwa n’ibikorwa remezo byawe ingorane ziba kuri internet, kandi iba imeze nk’aho washoyemo amafaranga make ugereranyije n’ayo byagusaba kugira ngo ugure imwe ku yindi. Umubare w’amapaki ari kugenda yiyongera ntakurindira mudasobwa gusa ahubwo anongeramo n’ibikoresho bigendanwa ku rwego runaka.
- Porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet z’ubuntu. Hari ubwoko butandukanye buboneka ku buntu bwakoreshwa n’umuntu cyangwa mu buryo butajyanye n’ubucuruzi. Akenshi, ubu bwoko ‘bw’ubuntu’ ni ubwoko buburamo bimwe buturuka ku bugurishwa uwabukoze aba yizera ko uzashaka kubwongerera ubushobozi mu gihe kiri imbere. Ikintu kijyanye n’ubwirinzi gikunze kujyana n’ubwoko bugurwa, ariko hashobora kuba hariho ubufasha mu bya tekinike buke cyangwa ntabwo, ndetse bagabanyije ubushobozi, urugero kugena igihe cyo kugenzura igikoresho cyose bituma igikoresho cyawe kiba cyoroshye guterwa n’ibyangiza biba bigezweho.
- Porogaramu y’umutekano kuri internet ku bigo by’ubucuruzi. Urebye, porogaramu ikumira virusi/porogaramu nzitirantasi (antispyware) n’amapaki y’umutekano kuri internet bikoreshwa kuri mudasobwa eshatu. Ibigo by’ubucuruzi bigomba kureba uburyo bigura ubwoko bujyanye n’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi, bwakorewe koroshya uburyo bwo gushyiramo, kuvugurura no gucungwa kuri mudasobwa nyinshi.
- Porogaramu y’ubwirinzi bwa Windows iba irimo, kandi ikora, muri Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 na Windows 10 iki gikoresho cya Microsoft cyakorewe gukumira, gukuramo, no gushyira mu kato spyware muri Microsoft Windows.
Abazikora bamwe n’abazicuruza batanga porogaramu z’umutekano zitandukanye ziri muri mudasobwa. Ntukeneye gukoresha porogaramu y’umutekano wahawe, ariko nuhitamo kuyigumishamo, ntiwibagirwe kwiyandikisha igihe cy’igerageza nikirangira kugira ngo igume kujyana n’igihe.
Ni he umuntu yakura porogaramu y’umutekano kuri internet
Porogaramu ikumira virusi/porogaramu nzitirantasi (antispyware) n’amapaki y’umutekano kuri internet zishobora kugurwa muri santere z’ubucuruzi zitandukanye no ku bacuruzi bakorera kuri internet ndetse no ku mbuga z’abakoze iyo porogaramu y’umutekano. Igihe uri kuyigurira mu iduka, birasanzwe ko ushyiramo disk noneho ugafata amavugurura kuri internet igihe ubyemerewe. Igihe uyiguriye kuri internet, uzahita ufata ako kanya ubwoko buheruka buzaba bufite amavugurura yose.
Porogaramu ikumira virusi/porogaramu nzitirantasi (antispyware) n’amapaki ya porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet by’ubuntu nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, bishobora kuboneka ku bigo bitanga serivise ya internet bimwe na banki nka kimwe mu bigize konti yawe.
Ubwirinzi bwa virusi na spyware
Usibye gushyiramo porogaramu y’umutekano kuri internet no kuyivugurura, tujya inama z’ibindi bintu wakora kugira ngo mudasobwa yawe ikomeze kurindwa virusi na spyware. N’ubundi kwirinda biruta kwivuza.
- Ntugafungure dosiye izo ari zo zose ziri ku mugereka wa email zivuye ku isoko utazi, udashize amakenga cyangwa utizeye.
- Mbere yo gushyiramo porogaramu ikumira virusi banza ukuremo indi irimo.
- Witondere ibikoresho bya USB bicometse (urugero fulashi, hard drive, ibisoma MP3) kuko bizwi nka bimwe mu bintu bikunze gutwara virusi.
- Witondere CD/DVD kuko na byo hari igihe biba bifite virusi.
- Ntugafungure dosiye zanduye zivuye ku mbuga z’ibigo byo kuri internet byo guhererekanya za dosiye zibitse mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga (urugero Hightail, Dropbox) byashyizweho n’abantu utazi, udashize amakenga cyangwa utizeye.
- Cana ubwirinzi bwa “macro” muri Microsoft Office nka Word na Excel.
- Gura porogaramu zizewe zivuye ku bigo byizewe gusa.
- Igihe uri gufata kuri internet porogaramu ya mudasobwa y’ubuntu, ujye ubikorana ubushishozi bwinshi cyane.