Porogaramu yangiza

Porogaramu yangiza cyangwa se “malware” mu ririmi rw’Icyongereza ni  porogaramu ikorwa  kandi igakwirakwizwa mu rwego rwo gufasha nyirayo  kwinjira muri mudasobwa n’ibindi bikoresho biri kuri internet atabifitiye uburenganzira, akabibuza gukora uko byakoraga, gutwara amakuru y’ibanga cyangwa kuneka ukoresha cyangwa abakoresha icyo gikoresho.

Ubwoko bwa porogaramu yangiza buzwi cyane

Virusi

Virusi ni dosiye ikorwa hagamijwe kwangiza, cyangwa gukoreshwa mu byaha. Zimwe zigaragarira abakoresha mudasobwa, ariko inyinshi zikorera mu bwihisho, abakoresha mudasobwa batari kuzibona. Habaho ubwoko bwinshi bwa virusi. Urugero, umunyorogoto (worm), ushobora kureba aho ufite intege nke mu mutekano igahita yikwirakwiza ako kanya mu zindi mudasobwa inyuze mu miyoboro (networks). Ifarashi ya Trojan (cyangwa mu buryo bworoshye ‘Porogaramu ya Trojan’) ni porogaramu igaragara ko nta kibazo iteza nyamara yifitemo ibintu byangiza. Birashoboka ko, virusi yaza mu gikoresho cyawe mu bwoko bwa Trojan, ifite ubushobozi bwo kwikuba inshuro nyinshi mbere y’uko ijya mu bindi bikoresho (nk’umunyorogoto) kandi ikaba imeze nk’igice cya porogaramu y’intasi (spyware).

Porogaramu y’intasi

Porogaramu y’intasi izwi nka “spyware” mu Cyongereza, ni ubwoko bwa virusi bwakorewe by’umwihariko kwiba amakuru ku bijyanye n’ibyo ukorera kuri internet cyangwa ibindi bikoresho. Abakora porogaramu y’intasi baba bafite impamvu zitandukanye babikorera, akenshi baba bashaka kuriganya amafaranga cyangwa kwiba umwirondoro w’abandi. Porogaramu y’intasi ishobora gukora ibikorwa bitandukanye bitemewe, kuva ku kohereza ubutumwa bwamamaza buza kuri screen  kugeza ku kubwiba izina ukoresha winjira kuri konti yawe ya banki; bafotora imbuga usura bakanasigarana inyuguti wanditse igihe winjizaga urufunguzo (bizwi nko gusigarana urufunguzo). Porogaramu z’intasi zishobora kwikuba inshuro nyinshi ntawuzikoresheje. Ubwoko buzwi cyane bwa porogaramu y’intasi ni “Remote Access Trojan” (RAT), abakora uburiganya n’abandi bakora ibyaha bikoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga bazifashisha bakoresha ibikoresho byafashwe na virusi aho baherereye bimeze nk’aho ari bo ba nyir’icyo gikoresho. Ibi birimo kuba yacana kamera ya mudasobwa ubundi akaneka ibyo nyir’iyo mudasobwa ari gukora.

Porogaramu ifata bugwate (ransomware)

Porogaramu ifata bugwate ni ubwoko bubi bwa porogaramu yangiza iha uburenganzira abanyabyaha bwo gufata bugwate  no gufunga mudasobwa cyangwa ibindi bikoresho, bakabikora bari kure, noneho bagasaba ingwate kugira ngo ‘bayigufungurire’. Porogaramu ifata bugwate ivugwa mu buryo burambuye kuri uru rubuga hano.

Ubundi bwoko bwa porogaramu zangiza ni izizwi nka “rootkits”, “adware” (yohereza amatangazo yo kwamamaza) ndetse na “scareware” yifashishwa n’abanyabyaha mu kumvisha nyiri mudasobwa ko akeneye kugura porogaramu runaka, akenshi ziba zitanafite akamaro.

Ni gute ibikoresho byandura

Porogaramu yangiza ishobora gutera mudasobwa cyangwa ibindi bikoresho mu buryo bukurikira:

• Gufungura imigereka ifite amavirusi nk’inyandiko za  .exe.
• Gufungura dosiye zanduye zivuye ku mbuga z’ibigo byo kohererezanyaho dosiye kuri internet (urugero HighTail,yari izwi kera ku izina rya YouSendIt,, Dropbox).
• Gusura imbuga zagabweho ibitero, ushobora kuba wayoboweho biciye ku kintu cy’uburiganya wakanzeho muri email cyangwa ku mbuga nkoranyambaga.
• Kuri internet, izitabonwa n’uri kuyikoresha (umunyorogoto ni rumwe mu ngero z’iki kintu).
• Ibintu biri mu muri dosiye z’ubusabe (inyandiko ziri muri “word”, inyandiko zo muri “Excel” n’ibindi) .
• Ibikoresho bya USB bicometse (nka fulashi, hard disk igendanwa, ibikina indirimbo z’amajwi ari muri  MP3, kamera).
• CD/DVD.

Porogaramu yangiza ishobora guteza ingaruka zikomeye zirimo:​​​​​​​

• Kwiba umwirondoro.
• Uburiganya.
• Kwinjirira umuntu mu buzima bwite.
• Ubujura, gusiba ndetse / cyangwa kwangiza amakuru.
• Kutubahiriza amategeko ajyanye n’uburinzi bw’amakuru.
• Gutuma mudasobwa igenda gahoro cyangwa idakora.

Porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet​​​​​​​

Ni ngombwa guhorana umutekano  wo kuri internet (antivirusi, porogaramu zikurinda  ibyangiza ivuguruye kugira ngo biguhe ubwirinzi bushoboka bwose. Amamiliyoni ya porogaramu zangiza amenyekana buri mwaka, hatabariwemo impinduka ziba ku zisanzwe n’inshya. Zose ziba zifite ibiziranga cyangwa ‘icyo zizwiho cyane’ bituma abakora porogaramu z’umutekano kuri mudasobwa bazimenya bagashaka uburyo bahuza ubwirinzi n’ibyo icyo gihe gisaba.

Porogaramu nyinshi z’umutekano kuri internet zihita zikura kuri internet ibyazifasha kwivugurura (rimwe na rimwe byitwa ‘kwivugurura’) buri gihe, uko ugiye kuri internet kandi wishyuye umusanzu wawe ku mwaka (kuri porogaramu zishyuzwa). Ibi bishobora kukurinda na porogaramu yangiza iba igisohoka.

Iyi porogaramu igenzura mu buryo butandukanye ko nta virusi:

• Ishobora kugenzura email wakiriye ireba niba nta virusi zizanye.
• Ireba dosiye zifungurwa cyangwa zikorwa ko zitanduye.
• Ikora igenzura mu bihe bitandukanye kuri dosiye ziri muri mudasobwa yawe.

Zimwe muri porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet zishobora kugenzura ibikoresho bicometse bya USB (urugero nka fulashi, hard disk igendanwa, ibikina indirimbo z’amajwi ari muri  MP3, kamera), uko bishyirwaho. Zimwe zigaragaza imbuga ugomba gushidikanyaho.

Porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet ntabwo zishobora kukurinda:

• Ubutumwa budakenewe.
• Ubwoko ubwo ari bwo bwose bw’uburiganya cyangwa ibyaha bikorerwa kuri internet bitaturutse kuri porogaramu yangiza mudasobwa.
• Umujura ugaba ibitero kuri internet ashaka kwinjira muri mudasobwa yawe.

Porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet nta kamaro zigira zizimije cyangwa zitavuguruye ku buryo zaba zifite ibyo zikenera bijyanye n’igihe.

Guhitamo porogaramu y’umutekano kuri internet​​​​​​​

Bitewe n’uko ikigo cyawe kingana, hari amahitamo atandukanye warebamo kugira ngo ufate icyemezo kuri porogaramu y’umutekano wo kuri internet ukeneye kugura:

• Ipaki ya antivirusi cyangwa antivirusi imwe ukwayo cyangwa porogaramu irwanya spyware.

Abacuruza porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet benshi bacuruza bahita bacuruza izigenzura virusi, ndetse n’izindi paki zitanga umutekano wose zitanga ubundi bwirinzi burimo urukuta rw’umutekano wa mudasobwa (firewall), akayunguruzo k’ubutumwa budakenewe, porogaramu zirwanya spyware n’akayunguruzo k’ibyo ubonera kuri internet. Amapaki ya antivirusi na porogaramu zirwanya spyware  ubwayo aboneka ku giciro wavuga ko ari gito ku buryo ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cyose gishobora kubona uburyo bwo kuzigura. Ipaki igomba kuba irimo ibintu byose ukeneye kugira ngo irinde mudasobwa zawe, ibikoresho bigendanwa n’ibikorwa remezo byawe ingorane ziba kuri internet, kandi iba imeze nk’aho washoyemo amafaranga make ugereranyije n’ayo byagusaba kugira ngo ugure imwe ku yindi.

Gura porogaramu y’umutekano wo kuri internet yakorewe kukorohereza kuyishyiramo, kuyivugurura ndetse no kuyicunga ku bikoresho byose yashyizweho.

• Porogaramu z’umutakano kuri internet z’ubuntu

Habaho porogaramu za antivirusi na porogaramu zirwanya spyware by’ubuntu, harimo n’izikurwa ku zigurishwa. Akenshi, izi porogaramu z’ubuntu ziba zifite ibintu bike ugereranyije n’izishyurwa ariko uwazikoze aba yizeye ko zizazamura ubushobozi bwawe ugafata izigurishwa nyuma. Ubwirinzi buba bujya kumera nk’ubw’izigurishwa, ariko birashoboka ko baguha ubufasha buke cyangwa ntibanabuguhe ndetse bagabanyije ibikora, urugero kugena igihe porogaramu yagenzurira mudasobwa yose.

• Porogaramu ya Windows Defender iba iri muri Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7 na Windows Vista kandi iba yikoresha. Igikoresho cya Microsoft gikorerwa kugira ngo gikumire, gikureho, kandi gishyire mu kato porogaramu z’intasi muri Microsoft Windows. Yari izwi mbere ku izina rya Microsoft Antspyware.

Bamwe mu bakora izi porogaramu n’abazicuruza batanga porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet izana na mudasobwa. Ntukeneye gukoresha porogaramu y’umutekano yatanzwe, ariko nuhitamo kuyigumana, ntiwibagirwe gufata ifatabuguzi igihe cy’igerageza kirangiye kugira ngo ihore ijyanye n’igihe.

Kandi wibuke ko ugomba kureba witonze amabwiriza atangwa n’abazicuruza mbere yo gukoresha porogaramu ebyiri z’umutekano kuri internet  kuko kubigenza gutyo bishobora gutuma zombi zikora nabi.

Ni he wakura porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet ​​​​​​​

Porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet zibonekera ku mbuga z’abazicuruza, abacuruza mudasobwa babigize umwuga, amaduka yo mu dusantere ndetse n’amaduka yo kuri internet. Igihe uyiguriye mu iduka, birasanzwe ko ubanza ugashyiramo disk noneho ugakura kuri internet ibyatuma uyivugurura igihe babikwemereye. Igihe uyiguriye kuri internet, wahita uyifatana n’ibyo kuyivugurura byose.

Porogaramu y’umutekano kuri internet y’ubuntu nk’uko yagaragajwe haruguru, ishobora nayo kuboneka ku bagurisha internet bamwe na bamwe na banki. Biranashoboka ko wakura porogaramu z’umutekano z’ubuntu kuri internet, ariko ukore ku buryo uyikura ku rubuga rwizewe.

Kwirinda Virusi & na spyware​​​​​​​

• Usibye gushyiramo porogaramu z’umutekano kuri internet no kuzivugurura, tujya inama y’ibindi wakora ukarinda  virusi na spyware  mudasobwa, ibikoresho bigendanwa n’umuyoboro wawe. N’ubundi kwirinda biruta kwivuza.
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• Ntugafungure dosiye iri ku mugereka wa email iturutse ahantu  utazi cyangwa utizeye.
• Witondere ibikoresho bya USB bicometse (urugero fulashi, hard disk igendanwa, ibikina indirimbo z’amajwi ari muri  MP3)  kamera) kuko bizwi nka bimwe mu bintu bikunze gutwara virusi.
• Witondere CD/DVD kuko nabyo hari igihe biba bifite virusi.
• Ntugafungure dosiye zanduye zivuye ku mbuga z’ibigo byo kohererezanya ubutumwa kuri internet urugero HighTail (yari izwi kera ku izina rya YouSendIt), cyangwa Dropbox byashyizweho n’abantu utazi, udashize amakenga cyangwa utizeye.
• Cana ubwirinzi muri porogaramu za Microsoft nka Word na Excel.
• Gura porogaramu zizewe zivuye ku bigo byizewe gusa.
• Igihe ukura kuri internet porogaramu z’ubuntu, bikorane ubushishozi bukomeye.