Gucunga uburyo umuntu abonamo amakuru

Ni ingenzi kugenzura umuntu ubona amakuru abitswe n’ikigo cyawe. Ibi bisobanuye kugena uburyo umuntu yabona amakuru atandukanye n’ayo atabona, kandi ukaba ufite n’ubushobozi bwo kugenzura umuntu uri kubona amakuru, ayo ari kubona, n’igihe ari kuyabonera.

Ibi bigakorwa no ku makuru abitse mu kigo imbere na /cyangwa kopi yayo ibitse kuri mu bubiko bw’ikigo buri ahandi hantu, cyangwa se mu bubiko bwo kuri internet buzwi nka Cloud.

Ibyago bishoboka

• Abakozi babona amakuru, bahindura, basangiza abandi cyangwa basiba dosiye z’ibanga nk’ifishi y’umushahara cyangwa amakuru y’abakozi, cyangwa se amakuru y’ibanga y’ikigo.
• Abakozi bakoresha porogaramu batemerewe gukoresha.
• Uburiganya, kwiba izina ry’undi, urugomo, kwiba, ubutasi.

Kugenzura abagera ku makuru – Urwego bireba

Ugomba kugena abantu bashobora kubona dosiye zitandukanye, n’ububiko bwa dosiye na porogaramu bitandukanye byaba ku muntu cyangwa itsinda ry’abantu ukoresha uburyo bwa Active Directory niba ufite Windows Server, cyangwa ugakoresha uburyo busa n’ubwo igihe ukoresha izindi sisitemu z’imikorere ya mudasobwa. Urugero, abantu bose mu ishami ry’icungamari bashobora kuba bagera ku gitabo cy’imari cy’ibyaguzwe, ariko abafite uburenganzira bwisumbuye bakaba ari bo bonyine bashobora kubona amakuru ajyanye n’imishahara. Ukore ku buryo ibi bikurikira byubahirizwa:

• Genzura kenshi abantu bashobora kubona amakuru, kandi uhindure ababyemerewe igihe cyose bibaye ngombwa.
• Shyiraho umubare ntarengwa n’ubushobozi bw’abafite uburenganzira bw’ ‘umuyobozi’.
• Utekereze witonze igihe uri kugena abashobora guhabwa uburenganzira bwo kubona amakuru. Urugero, mu bigo binini ibi bishobora gukorwa hashingiwe ku nshingano za buri muntu aho gushingira ku muntu ku wundi.
• Utange konti yo gukoresha gusa ibireba ibyo umuntu akora. Urugero, umuntu ukora backup  ntakeneye kugira porogaramu zindi yongeramo ahubwo arabika ndetse akanongeramo porogaramu zamufasha mu kubika. Fungira inzira ubundi burenganzira burimo nko gushyiramo porogaramu nshya (bizwi nka ‘ihame ryo kwemerera abantu uburenganzira bw’ibanze gusa” – Principle of least privilege).
• Shyiraho uburyo bwiyongereyeho bwo kumenya icyo abafite uburenganzira bwihariye bakoresha, burimo guhozaho ijisho.
• Buri mukozi agomba kugira izina akoresha ryihariye kwinjirana iryo zina ndetse bikemerwa hakoreshejwe ijambo-banga. Ibi byafatwa nk’urufunguzo rw’ibiro cyangwa kode umuntu yifashisha, kandi ntibigomba gusangizwa abandi cyangwa kugira ikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose.
• Mu bigo binini, ukore ku buryo amakuru y’umukozi mushya y’injizwa muri sisiteme n’abantu batandukanye, gutegura ifishi azahemberwaho n’ibyo yemerewe gukoresha ikoranabuhanga. (ubu buryo buzwi nka “Segregarion of duties” mu ndimi z’amahanga)
• Ukore ku buryo mudasobwa zose zikenera ko umuntu y’imenyekanisha m’uburyo budashidikanwaho (urugero: izina akoresha n’ ijambo-banga) mbere yo kuzinjiramo kandi zishobora guhita zifunga mu gihe uwazikoreshaga amaze iminota runaka  atari kuzikoresha.
• Ugomba kwitonda igihe ugena uburenganzira buhabwa abakozi bashya mu bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga, cyangwa bahinduriwe imirimo / bagiye ku mwanya wisumbuyeho.
• Siba uburenganzira bwo kwinjira umukozi yari afite agisezera agiye gukorera ahandi.

Kugenzura ugera ku makuru – Emerera umuntu umaze kwivuga (yinjije izina akoresha) ko yemerewe kugera kuri dosiye runaka, ububiko bwa dosiye cyangwa porogaramu, bagomba guhita bagaragaza ako kanya ko ari abo nyir’izina. Dore uburyo butatu bw’ibanze wakoresha mu kuvuga uwo uri we:

• Ikintu bafite nk’ikarita akoresha ku cyuma, urufunguzo cyangwa urufunguzo rw’ikoranabuhanga – cyangwa urufunguzo rwihariye rufite amakuru ahishe.
• Ikintu bazi, nk’ijambo-banga, nimero iranga umuntu cyangwa izina bwite ababyeyi bise umubyeyi we w’umugore.
• Ikintu bari cyo, urugingo-ndangamuntu (igikumwe cyangwa imboni y’ijisho) bagenzura hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga.

Gukoresha kimwe mu ibi bintu, nk’ijambo-banga, bitanga icyizere gifatika ko uwo muntu ari we. Gukoresha bibiri cyangwa bitatu mu kwivuga bifite umutekano wisumbuyeho kuko bigora abantu kukwiyitirira.

Ku magambo-banga, ni ingenzi cyane ko ibi bikurikira byubahirizwa:

• Ukore ku buryo abakozi bose bakoresha amagambo-banga akomeye. Shyiraho uburyo bwo kwemera amagambo-banga akomeye gusa kandi ubonye umuntu akoresheje amagambo-banga atari yo inshuro nyinshi ahite afungirwa inzira.
• Igisha abantu akamaro k’amagambo-banga ndetse n’ingorane z’uko hari abantu bashukana bakagukuramo amakuru y’ibanga.
• Hindura amagambo-banga baba baguhaye ugitangira.
• Shyiraho uburyo ijambo-banga wajya urihindura kenshi kandi mu gihe wagennye mbere.
• Nubona ufite ibikoresho bishaje ugomba kwivanaho, ukore ku buryo amagambo-banga n’andi makuru y’ibanga bikurwamo mu buryo butekanye.