Ibisobanuro by’amagambo
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WPA2
Mu magambo arambuye ni “WiFi Protected Access 2”: Uburyo bwo guhisha amakuru muri kode hirindwa kumvirizwa cyangwa kuba abariganya bagera ku muyoboro. Bisonurwa n’amahame ya 802.11. Ubu buryo butanga umutekano kurusha WPA cyangwa WEP.
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WPA
Mu magambo arambuye ni “WiFi Protected Access”: Uburyo bwo guhisha amakuru muri kode hirindwa kumvirizwa cyangwa kuba abariganya bagera ku muyoboro. Bisonurwa n’amahame ya 802.11. Ubu buryo butanga umutekano kurusha WEP.
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Worm
Ubwoko bwa virusi ishobora kwikwirakwiza ku miyoboro bitabaye ngombwa ko bikorwa n’umuntu uwo ari we wese.
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Umuyoboro nziramugozi
Umuyoboro ukoreshwa hifashishije ihererekanwa ry’imiyoboro yifashisha antene aho kuba urusinga, mu kohereza amakuru.
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Igikoresho gitanga inziramugozi
Reba ibyerekeye “router”.
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Inziramugozi ya hotspot
Umuyoboro rusange wa internet, ushobora gukoreshwa na buri wese.
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WiFi
Reba ibyerekeye “wireless network”.
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WEP
Mu magambo arambuye ni “Wired Equivalent Privacy”, akaba ari uburyo bwo kurinda amakuru binyuze mu kuyahisha hifashishijwe kode, hirindwa kumvirizwa cyangwa kuba abariganya bagera ku muyoboro. Bisonurwa n’amahame ya 802.11.
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Webmail
Ni imikorere ya email ikoresha browser mu gusoma no kohereza ubutumwa bwa email, aho kuba email ikora ukwayo nka “Microsoft Outlook” cyangwa “Apple Mail”.
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Intege nke cyangwa icyuho
Ikibazo cy’icyuho ku kintu runaka, mu mikorere cyangwa igikorwa cyangwa se nanone ikibazo kigaragara ku maso mudasobwa yagira, bishobora gutuma igira ikibazo cyo kwibasirwa n’abagizi ba nabi.
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VPN
Mu magambo arambuye ni “Virtual Private Network”, ni uburyo bwo kurema umuyoboro utekanye hagati y’ibintu runaka bibiri binyuze kuri internet. Akenshi bwifashishwa mu itumanaho hagati y’ibigo.
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VoIP
Mu magambo arambuye ni “Voice over IP”, ni ikoranabuhanga ryifashishwa mu kohereza kuri internet amajwi ameze nk’ayo kuri telefone.
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Vishing
Igikorwa cyo kugerageza kubona amakuru bwite cyangwa amakuru y’ubutunzi bw’umuntu binyuze mu guhamagara ngo ukore ubwo buriganya cyangwa wibe umwirondoro.
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Indanga-virusi
Iki ni nk’ikirango cya virusi cyangwa ikoranabuhanga riba ririmo ibiranga virusi cyangwa ubwoko bwa virusi.
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Virusi
Porogaramu ikorwa hagamijwe ikibi, cyangwa se nyiri kuyikora akaba agambiriye gukora ibikorwa binyuranyije n’amategeko nko kwangiza ibikoresho by’abandi byifashisha ikoranabuhanga, kwiba n’ibindi.
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Virtual Private Network
Reba ibijyanye na VPN.
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Izina umuntu akoresha
Izina umuntu yifashisha yinjira ku rubuga cyangwa kuri sisiteme runaka, akenshi iyo rijyanye n’ijambo-banga bituma umuntu abasha kwinjira muri “user account”.
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Konti y’umuntu
Iha umuntu uburyo bwo kugera ku nyandiko cyangwa porogaramu ziri kuri mudasobwa. Iyi ni nk’icyumba cy’umuntu ku giti cye ku rubuga rw’ikoranabuhanga runaka, urugero: mudasobwa cyangwa se konti yo kuri facebook, twitter, …
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Usenet
Ni imikorere yo kuri internet ifasha abantu guhererekanya cyangwa kwandika ubutumwa mu matsinda y’ibiganiro atandukanye.
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USB
Mu magambo arambuye ni “Universal Serial Bus”. Uburyo bwo guhuza mudasobwa n’ibindi bikoresha nk’ububiko bugendanwa (hard drive), keyboard ndetse n’igikoresho gisoma MP3.
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Two factor authentication
Uburyo bwo kugenzura ibimenyetso by’inyongera ku mwirondoro biza byiyongera ku gukoresha ijambo-banga gusa, urugero: Uburyo ikarita ya banki ikoreshwa.
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Trojan
Porogaramu yigaragaza nka porogaramu nyayo, ariko ikaba ifite gahunda yo kwangiza. Izina Trojan ryakomotse ku ifarashi ya Trojan mu nkuru zo mu Bugiriki bwa cyera.
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Urunyuranyurane rw’amakuru
Urunyuranyurane cyangwa ihererekanwa ry’amakuru ku muyoboro runaka cyangwa internet.
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Token
Ni igikoresho gikoranywe ikoranabuhanga cyifashishwa mu kugenzura no kwemeza umwirondoro w’umuntu ushaka gukoresha igikoresho runaka cy’ikoranabuhanga.
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Terabayiti
Jigabayiti 1000.
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TCP/IP
Mu magambo arambuye “Transmission Control Protocol na “Internet Protocol”, ni amahame cyangwa imikorere mudasobwa zifashisha mu guhanahana amakuru kuri internet.
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Tablet
Ni igikoresho kigendanwa, gikoreshwa nka mudasobwa ariko binyuze mu kugikoresha bakora mu kirahure, kikagira imikorere n’ikoranabuhanga nk’irya telefoni igezweho ariko kikagira imbaraga nk’iza mudasobwa.
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Ihuza-makuru
Guhuza ibikoresho bibiri, akenshi mudasobwa na telefone cyangwa tablet, kugira ngo bigire amakuru amwe nk’aderesi, email n’indirimbo. “Sync” ni impine y’ijambo ry’Icyongereza “synchronise”.
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SSL
Mu magambo arambuye ni “Secure Socket Layer”, akaba ari uburyo bwo guhisha itumanaho ryo kuri internet hifashishijwe kode.
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SSID
Izina ry’umuyoboro nziramugozi rifasha abakoresha uwo muyoboro cyangwa ibikoresho bicometse kuri uwo muyoboro kugira ngo babashe kumenya cyangwa gutandukanya imiyoboro y’inziramugozi bari kubona.
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Porogaramu-ntasi
Porogaramu mbi igenzura ibikorwa by’umuntu mu rwihisho cyangwa se igafotora amakuru bwite ye.
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Gushimuta email
Igihe umuntu utabyemerewe yohereje ubutumwa (akenshi bikuze kuba ari ubutumwa bwa email) yigize nka nyiri iyo aderesi, binyuze mu kwifashisha email ya nyayo ya runaka cyangwa iyo bijya gusa.
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Email zidakenewe
Email zidakenewe, akenshi zizwi nka “junk e-mail”.
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Uburiganya buzwi nka
Kwifashisha uburiganya mu kugera kuri sisiteme cyangwa amakuru yihariye, wenda binyuze mu kwiyita umukozi ushinzwe ikoranabuhanga ahantu runaka.
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Telefone igezweho
Telefone igendanwa igezweho ifite ubushobozi nk’ubwa mudasobwa ndetse ikabasha guhuzwa n’ibindi bikoresho binyuze mu miyoboro itandukanye, bitandukanye n’izindi telefone zisanzwe.
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Smart card
Uburyo bwo kugenzura umuntu hifashishijwe ikarita ingana n’ikarita ya banki ahabwa, irimo amakuru ku gakarita-koranabuhanga gato gashyirwamo.
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Skimming
Igikorwa cyo gukora uburiganya ku ikarita ya banki hifashishijwe ikindi gikoresho cy’ikoranabuhanga mu gufata iyo karita no kumenya amakuru bwite ari ku gakarita-koranabuhanga kaba ku ikarita ku gice cy’inyuma.
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Server
Mudasobwa iha izindi mudasobwa inyandiko cyangwa izindi serivisi ku muyoboro runaka cyangwa internet.
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Security exploit
Agace ka porogaramu cyangwa igice cy’imikorere runaka kifashisha intege nke za porogaramu runaka cyangwa imikorere yayo mibi maze kagateza ibibazo, hagamijwe ibikorwa bitemewe n’amategeko.
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Script kiddies
Abajura b’ikoranabuhanga bakora ibikorwa bitemewe ku ikoranabuhanga bagamije kwigwizaho icyubahiro aho kugambirira gukora ibyaha gusa.
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Akuma gatanga internet
Ni agakoresho gatanga cyangwa kagenzura internet. Akenshi gakoreshwa mu biro cyangwa mu rugo ahabasha gukoresha umuyoboro wa internet nziramugozi.
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Root kit
Ni porogaramu yifashishwa n’abajura bo ku ikoranabuhanga mu kwigarurira mudasobwa.
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Ububiko bucomekwa kuri mudasobwa
Ibikoresho bibikwaho amakuru bishobora gucomekwa no gukurwa kuri mudasobwa nka CD, DVD, furashi disike ndetse na “hard drive” zigendanwa.
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Recordable DVD
DVD ibasha kubikwaho amakuru mu gihe ishyizwe mu kuma kifashishwa mu gushyiraho ibintu runaka (DVD recorder).
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Kode ya QR
Kode yakorewe gufotorwa na kamera ya telefone igezweho cyangwa ikindi gikoresho gifotora cyabugenewe ikaba iriho link ikuganisha ku rubuga rw’ikigo cyakoze icyo gikoresho. Iyo kode ntishobora gusomwa n’amaso.
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Proxy server
Seriveri icunga urunyurane rw’abakoresha internet bakomotse cyangwa berekeza ku muyoboro wa hafi ndetse ishobora gukora n’ibindi bikorwa nko kugenzura abakoresha internet.
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Profile
Urutonde rw’amakuru bwite atangwa n’abakoresha imbuga nkoranyambaga, imikino yo kuri internet, imbuga zo kurambagiza n’izindi. Ubusanzwe imyirondoro ishobora gushyirwa mu buryo ibonwa n’uwo ari we wese cyangwa ikagirwa ibanga.
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Uburenganzira bw’umwihariko
Uburenganzira bwo kugera kuri mudasobwa cyangwa amakuru, akenshi bugenda buhinduka bitewe n’uwo uri we, ndetse n’ibyo utemerewe.
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Uburenganzira bugenewe abakoresha mudasobwa b’umwihariko
Reba ibijyanye n’uburenganzira bw’umwihariko.
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Premium rate
Nimero ya telefone akenshi ikunze gutangizwa n’imibare 09, ihendesha cyane umuntu uyihamagara. Akenshi zihuzwa cyangwa zigakoreshwa mu buriganya runaka.
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Icyambu
Ihuzanzira rigaragarira amaso cyangwa riri mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga ryo muri mudasobwa rifasha porogaramu kugirana itumanaho n’ibindi bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga.
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Pop-up
Akadirishya gato gakunda kugaragara kuri paji runaka y’urubuga, akenshi kaba karimo amatangazo yo kwamamaza ibintu runaka.
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Kwigana
Gukoresha ibintu birinzwe n’amategeko y’uburenganzira ku mutungo mu by’ubwenge.
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Ping
Ni porogaramu yoroshye iganira n’indi mudasobwa ku muyoboro runaka kugira ngo irebe ko iyo mudasobwa iri gukora.
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PIN
Mu magambo arambuye ni “Personal Identification Number” bivuga imibare ikuranga.
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Phishing
Kugerageza kwiba umwirondoro, aho abajura bohereza umuntu ku mbuga z’uburiganya bategereje ko wenda usigayo imyirondoro yawe nk’amazina ukoresha winjira ndetse n’ijambo-banga.
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Pharming
Ni igihe abajura bo ku ikoranabuhanga bahagarika imikorere isanzwe ya porogaramu za DNS zifasha mu gutuma amazina y’imbuga ahindura aderesi. Umuntu yandika aderesi nyayo y’urubuga maze agahita yoherezwa ku rubuga rwa baringa, rutari urwo yashakaga kujyaho.
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Igenzuramutekano
Ni ukwinjirira mudasobwa mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko ubiherewe uburenganzira na nyirayo, kugira ngo hagaragazwe intege nke yaba ifite n’uburyo bwo kongera umutekano wayo.
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Ikoranabuhanga rya
Umuyoboro wifashishwa by’umwihariko mu guhererekanya indirimbo, videwo na porogaramu hagati y’abantu hifashishijwe internet.
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PDF
Mu magambo arambuye ni “Portable Document Format”, ni uburyo bwo kubika inyandiko mu buryo yabasha gufungurwa ku bikoresho bikoresha porogaramu zitandukanye.
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Patch
Ni ukujyanisha porogaramu n’igihe, akenshi rikoreshwa iyo bashaka kuvuga kongera umutekano wayo.
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Guhuza ibikoresho
Igihe ibikoresho bibiri bihujwe hifashishijwe Bluetooth mu rwego rwo guhererekana amakuru.
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Ingufuri
Ikimenyetso kiba muri “browser” y’urubuga, kigaragaza ko umuyoboro uhishwe uri gukoreshwa mu guhanahana amakuru n’urubuga rufite uburenganzira bwemewe. Akenshi icyo kimenyetso kigendana na ‘https’ ku ntangiriro ya aderesi.
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Yinjiriwe
Iri jambo rikoreshwa kenshi iyo mudasobwa yafashwe cyangwa yatewe n’abajura bakorera ku ikoranabuhanga.
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Operating system
Ikoranabuhanga rifasha mudasobwa cyangwa telefone yawe gukora.
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Open source
Iyi ni imvugo yifashishwa mu kugaragaza porogaramu ya mudasobwa yakozwe mu bufatanye, akenshi n’abakorerabushake hatagamijwe inyungu z’ubucuruzi.
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Kopi ngoboka yifashisha internet
Iyi ni kopi ngoboka aho amakuru yimurwa hifashishijwe internet, ibi bizwi nka “cloud backup”
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Non-repudiation
Ubushobozi bwo kugaragaza ko umuntu runaka yakoze igikorwa runaka kuri mudasobwa cyangwa kuri internet, kugira ngo hatazagira uzabihakana.
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Umuyoboro
Umubare wa mudasobwa zigiye zifite ihuriro, hifashishijwe ibikorwa remezo by’imiyoboro.
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MSN Messenger
Reba ibyerekeye kwandika ubutumwa.
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MP3 player
Igikoresho bifashisha mu kumva indirimbo ziri mu bwoko bwa MP3.
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MP3
Ikoranabuhanga ryifashishwa mu kubika amajwi, akenshi bikunze kuba ari indirimbo cyangwa ibiganiro by’amajwi.
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Ushizwe kwimura amafaranga y’abajura bifashisha ikoranabuhanga
Ni umuntu uhabwa akazi n’abajura bifashisha ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo yimure amafaranga aba yinjijwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, akenshi avanwa mu gihugu kimwe ajyanwa mu kindi; akenshi baba bayajyana aho abayibye batuye.
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Guhisha inkomoko y’amafaranga
Uburyo bwo guhisha inkomoko y’amafaranga yinjijwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, binyuze mu guhererekanya amafaranga cyangwa gukora ubucuruzi bwa baringa hagamijwe kuyobya uburari bw’aho amafaranga akomoka.
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Furashi disike
Ni agakoresho gato gashyirwaho amakuru, akenshi gashyirwa kuri mudasobwa hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya USB.
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Megabayiti
Kirobayiti 1000.
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Malware
Ikoranabuhanga ryifashishwa cyangwa ryaremwe n’abajura b’ikoranabuhanga hagamijwe guhagarika imikorere ya mudasobwa, kwiba amakuru akomeye cyangwa kugera kuri sisiteme zihariye za mudasobwa. Ni ijambo rikomoka ku mpine z’amagambo abiri: ‘malicious software’.
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Macro virus
Virusi yifashisha ubushobozi buto cyane bwa porogaramu zisanzwe nka “spreadsheets” cyangwa ikoranabuhanga ritunganya inyandiko muri “word” hagamijwe kugaragaza imyitwarire imeze nk’iya virusi.
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Macro
Ubwoko bwa porogaramu bwifashishwa mu gukuraho impamvu yatuma uhora usubiramo inzira zimwe buri gihe uko ushaka kugira icyo ukora gisanzwe, nko kongeramo cyangwa gukura imirongo runaka mu nyandiko ya excel cyangwa se uburyo bwo kurinda inyandiko zawe za excel.
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Inyandiko ibika ibikorwa
Inyandiko ibika ibikorwa byose byakozwe.
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LAN
Mu magambo arambuye ni “Local Area Network”. Ni ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa rifasha mudasobwa ziherereye mu nyubako imwe guhererekanya amakuru. Iri koranabuhanga rishobora kwifashisha umuyoboro uhuza wifashishije urusinga cyangwa inziramugozi.
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Linux
Ni ikoranabuhanga riboneka ku buntu, ryifashishwa muri mudasobwa na buri wese ubishatse.
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Guhisha isoko
Reba ibyerekeye guhisha isoko y’amafaranga.
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Kilobayiti
Ni bayiti 1000.
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Keystroke logger
Virusi cyangwa ikindi gikoresho cy’ikoranabuhanga kinjiza ibintu bigamije kwiba amakuru ajyanye n’ibintu byose wanditse.
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Kwinjiza urufunguzo mu buryo bwa bujura
See keystroke logger.
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Javascript
Ni ururimi ruva kuri Java, rwifashishwa mu gukora paji z’imbuga zifasha abantu kugira ibyo bakorera kuri izo mbuga.
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Java
Rumwe mu ndimi zizwi cyane zifashishwa mu gukora za porogaramu muri iyi minsi. Ku ikubitiro yakozwe na Sun Microsystems (yaje guhinduka Oracle).
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Umutekano w’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho
Reba ibijyanye n’umutekano w’amakuru.
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IPSec
Ni ikoranabuhanga ritanga umutekano mu gihe hahererekanywa amakuru akomeye ku muyoboro utizewe nka internet. Iri koranabuhanga rimera nk’iritwikiriye amakuru, rikagenzura aderesi ya buri gikoresho kiri kwifashishwa.
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Aderesi ya IP
Aderesi yihariye yifashishwa mu kumenya mudasobwa cyangwa ikindi gikoresho kigendanwa igihe kiri kuri internet.
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ISP
Ni “Internet Service Provider” mu magambo ahinnye y’Icyongereza, akaba ari ikigo gitanga interineti.
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iOS
Ikoranabuhanga ryifashishwa mu bikoresho bya Apple nka telefone za iPhone cyangwa ibikoresho bya iPad.
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Kwandikirana ubutumwa
Ikiganiro gikorwa n’abantu babiri cyangwa barenze binyuze mu kwandikirana kuri mudasobwa cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bigendanwa. Izo sisiteme zifashisha BlackBerry Messenger, Facebook Chat, MSN Messenger, AOL Instant Messenger, Yahoo!
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Umutekano w’amakuru
Ni imikorere yo kurinda mudasobwa ndetse n’amakuru muri rusange kuba byakoreshwa nabi.
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Kopi ngoboka y’igice
Ni ugukora kopi ngoboka ariko yibanda ku nyandiko cyangwa amakuru yahinduwe cyangwa ayongewemo nyuma yo gukora kopi ngoboka iheruka. Ibi bituma yihuta kurusha gukora kopi ngoboka mu buryo bwuzuye.
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IMEI
Mu magambo arambuye y’Icyongereza ni “International Mobile Equipment Identification”, ikaba ari umubare wihariye wubakiye imbere mu gikoresho kigendanwa nka telefone cyangwa tablet. Kugira ngo umenye numero ya IMEI ya telefone yawe, kanda *#06#
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IETF
Mu magambo arambuye y’Icyongereza ni “Internet Engineering Task Force” akaba ari urwego mpuzamahanga rudaharanira inyungu ruteza imbere internet, rugashyiraho n’amahame ayigenga hagamijwe kurengera ubusugire bwayo.
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Kwibwa umwirondoro
Icyaha cyo kwiyitirira undi, hifashishijwe amakuru ye bwite, hagamijwe ubujura.
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iCloud
Ni ububiko budafatika cyangwa bwo mu kirere bwizewe bwa Apple, bwifashishwa mu kubikaho kopi ngoboka.
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HTML
HTML mu magambo arambuye y’Icyongereza ni “Hypertext Mark up Language”. Iyi ni kode ya mudasobwa yifashishwa mu kurema umusingi w’amapaji y’urubuga runaka.
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Umuyoboro wa
Umuyoboro wa internet rusange.
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Honey Pot
Ni ubwirinzi bushyirwa mu muyoboro, hagamijwe kuyobya abajura bakerekezwa ahandi hantu hadafite icyo havuze, hagamijwe kwirinda ibyago byagera ku makuru.
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Email yuzuye ibinyoma
Email itangaza ibinyoma hagamijwe ibinyuranye n’amategeko, urugero: kuburira abantu ko hari virusi runaka yateye. Izi email ubundi hari igihe ubwazo ziba zirimo virusi nyakuri, kandi ziba zigamije kugira ngo iyo virusi ikwirakwire byihuse.
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Ububiko bwa mudasobwa
Ni ububiko bubikwaho amakuru muri mudasobwa.
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Umujura w’ikoranabuhanga
Umujura w’ikoranabuhanga, uzwi nka “hacker” ni umuntu winjirira umutekano wa internet agambiriye ikibi cyangwa afite inyungu runaka akurikiye.
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Grooming
Ni uburyo umuntu arema umubano n’undi hagamijwe ikibi. Iri jambo rikoreshwa akenshi bashaka kuvuga uburyo abantu bakuru biyegereza abana bato bagamije kubahohotera.
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Jigabayiti
Ni megabayiti 1000.
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Gateway firewall
Ni urukuta rukumira (firewall) rukorera mu masangano y’umuyoboro wihariye ndetse n’umuyoboro wa internet rusange.
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Kopi ngoboka yuzuye
Ni ugukora kopi ngoboka mu buryo inyandiko zose zatoranyijwe zibikwa ahandi, hatitawe niba zigiye zibamo impinduka mu gihe ziheruka kwimurwa no gukorerwa kopi ngoboka.
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FTP
Ni amagambo ahinnye y’Icyongereza “File Transfer Protocol”, avuga uburyo bwo kohereza inyandiko z’amakuru hifashishijwe internet, cyane cyane bihererekanwa hagati y’ibigo.
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Kujya ku muyoboro wa internet ku buntu
Igihe abantu batabiherewe uburenganzira babashije kugera ku muyoboro wa internet.
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Urukuta rukumira
Ni ikoranabuhanga ryubatse muri mudasobwa cyangwa rikozwe nka porogaramu (ritagaragarira amaso) ryifashishwa mu kubuza uwagerageza kwinjiramo anyuze kuri internet atabiherewe uburenganzira.
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Kugenzura ibikumwe
Ni uburyo bwo kugenzura umwirondoro hifashishijwe ibikumwe. Iri koranabuhanga riri kugenda rikoreshwa cyane muri iyi minsi kuri mudasobwa, bigakorwa aho gukoresha amagambo-banga.
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Guhererekanya inyandiko
Gutuma inyandiko zibasha kubonwa n’abandi kuri internet, nk’indirimbo cyangwa videwo.
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Inyandiko ya .exe
Ni inyandiko zifashishwa na porogamu runaka bikazifasha kujya kuri mudasobwa no gukoreramo.
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Escrow
Ikoranabuhanga riba ribitse amafaranga, porogaramu cyangwa indi mitungo mu gihe kubihererekanya bitakozwe ngo birangire. Urugero: Iyo ufite amafaranga yo gutegesha imodoka ku ikarita, akamaraho igihe utayakoresha, ntabwo ashyirwa kuri konti iyo ari yo yose y’umuntu, ahubwo abikwa muri iri koranabuhanga.
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Guhisha amakuru hifashishijwe kode
Uburyo bwo gufata amakuru agashyirwa mu buryo umuntu utabiherewe uburenganzira atabasha kuyasoma (hifashishijwe kode).
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Amakuru yahishwe
Reba ibijyanye na “encryption”.
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Ikoranabuhanga riyungurura email
Ikoranabuhanga riyungurura email umuntu yohererejwe, rikareba niba nta email zitifuzwa cyangwa virusi byazanye rikaba ryabihagarika rikanamenyesha nyiri kurikoresha icyo kibazo.
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Umugereka wa email
Inyandiko zigizwe n’amafoto cyangwa ibindi biri kuri email nk’imigereka.
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Guhabwa amahirwe yisumbuye
Igihe umuntu ukoresha mudasobwa (cyane cyane umuntu ugambiriye ikibi) ahawe uburenganzira kuri mudasobwa akagira ububasha bwo kuyikoresha ibirenze ibyo yagakwiye kuba ayikeneyeho
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Kumviriza
Kumviriza amajwi y’abandi ku ikoranabuhanga utabiherewe uburenganzira n’abaryohereje cyangwa abo rigenewe.
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Easter egg
Ni uburyo bw’imikorere bwubakwa muri mudasobwa, bugashyirwamo ku bw’impamvu nziza cyangwa hagamijwe ikibi.
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Kwinjira mu gaseke k’imyandac
Uburyo abajura bo kuri internet binjirira agaseke k’imyanda (ahajya ibyo umuntu yasibye muri mudasobwa) kugira ngo bakwibe amakuru bwite.
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Gukura ibintu kuri internet
Gufata ibintu runaka kuri internet, nk’urugero imigereka iri muri email cyangwa bigakurwa kuri mudasobwa iri kure bishyirwa ku bubiko bwawe bugendanwa.
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Domain Name Server (DNS)
Seriveri ifata amazina azwi y’imbuga runaka (urugero: microsoft.com) ikayahinduramo “IP address” zazo zihariye (urugero: 207.46.245.222).
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Izina ry’urubuga
Aderesi y’urubuga, izwi nka URL mu magambo ahinnye.
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Discoverable
Iri jambo ni ryo rigaragara igihe ushyize muri telefone yawe uburyo abandi bafite ibikoresho bikoresha bluetooth babasha kubona telefone yawe kugira ngo mwohererezanye ibintu runaka, biva kuri telefone cyangwa ikindi gikoresho kigendanwa bijya ku kindi.
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Digital signature
Amakuru yifashishwa mu kumenya no guha uburenganzira uwohereje ubutumwa ndetse n’ubuziranenge bw’ubutumwa bwatanzwemo ayo makuru. Ayo makuru ashobora kugendana n’ubutumwa cyangwa bikagenda mu buryo butandukanye.
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Firewall ya mudasobwa
Porogaramu yakorewe kurinda ko hari uwagera kuri mudasobwa yifashishije internet atabiherewe uburenganzira.
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Igitero cyo kunaniza serivisi
Kunaniza serivisi runaka ku bushake bikozwe n’abanyabyaha kugira ngo abayikenera bananirwe kuyikoresha. Urugero: Gutuma amamiriyoni y’abantu asura urubuga runaka; ibi akenshi bikorwa na “botnet”.
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Guhishura amakuru
Uburyo bwo guhindura amakuru yari abitswe muri kode, agasubizwa uko yari ameze mbere.
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Ijyanisha n’igihe rya ngombwa
Kujyanisha n’igihe ikoranabuhanga ku buryo rikemura ikibazo runaka cy’umutekano wa mudasobwa.
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Cracking
Gushakisha ijambo-banga nyakuri binyuze mu kugerageza amagambo-banga yose ashoboka.
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Cookie
“Cookie” ni ikoranabuhanga rifasha porogaramu z’imbuga kumenya ibyo ukeneye gusoma cyangwa kureba ku rubuga runaka binyuze mu kwegeranya no kwibuka amakuru ajyanye n’ibyo ukunze gusura kuri urwo rubuga.
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Kugena ububiko kuri
Kugenera abantu umwanya cyangwa ububiko runaka bwo kubikaho amakuru yabo cyangwa se porogaramu zitandukanye.
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Cloud
Reba ibijyanye no kugena ububiko kuri “cloud”.
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Client
Ikoranabuhanga cyangwa sisiteme yifashishije serivisi yashyizweho na seriveri, akenshi aba ari mudasobwa cyangwa umuyoboro.
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Uruganiriro
Ahantu uganirira n’abandi kuri internet, umwe akajya yandikira undi ubutumwa, nawe akamusubiza muri ako kanya.
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Kugarura ubwishyu
Ni uburyo bwo gusubiza umukiriya amafaranga ye, cyane cyane mu gihe ibyo yaguze cyangwa yari yasabye bitamugezeho cyangwa se hajemo ibibazo.
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Impamyamwirondoro
Inyandiko ibitse gihanga, irimo amakuru y’umwirondoro y’ukoresha mudasobwa cyangwa ya seriveri (server), yifashishwa mu kugenzura umwirondoro wa nyiri urubuga ndetse no gufasha gushyiraho umutekano wisumbuye.
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Byte
Urugero rw’ububiko bwa mudasobwa, byte ingana na bit umunani (byte = 8 bit)
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Bug
Ikosa iriri muri porogaramu ya mudasobwa ryakozwe bari kuyubaka.
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Kuremereza ”buffer”
Ibi bivugwa iyo “buffer” ishyizweho amakuru arenze ubushobozi yagenewe kwakira. Umujura w’ikoranabuhanga ashobora kwifashisha icyo kibazo nk’amahirwe yo kwigarurira sisiteme.
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Buffer
Ni ahantu cyangwa ububiko amakuru abanza kubikwamo by’igihe gito mbere yo koherezwa ava ahantu cyangwa mu gikoresho kimwe ajya mu kindi.
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Browser
Ni porogaramu ifasha abantu gusoma cyangwa kureba amapaji atandukanye kuri internet. Muri yo harimo nka Internet Explorer ya Microsoft, Firefox ya Mozilla, Chrome ya Google cyangwa se Safari ya Apple.
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Botnet
Ni ihuzwa rya mudasobwa zinjiriwe na virusi, zikaba ziri kugenzurwa n’abajura bifashisha ikoranabuhanga. “Botnet” ni impine y’amagambo abiri y’Icyongereza, Robot Network.
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Ijambo-banga rya
Ni ijambo-banga ryifashishwa cyangwa ribanza gukenerwa kugira ngo mudasobwa yongere icanwa cyangwa igihe hari ikoranabuhanga rigiye gushyirwa muri mudasobwa.
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Boot
Ni ugacana mudasobwa, telefoni igendanwa cyangwa tablet.
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Ikoranabuhanga rya
Ni umuyoboro nziramugozi wifashisha ibipimo bigufi, ugahuza ibikoresho bya telefone zigendanwa, mudasobwa cyangwa ibindi.
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Bit
Urugero-fatizo rw’amakuru yo mu ikoranabuhanga, rurangwa na 0 cyangwa 1.
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Amagambo-banga ya BIOS
Ikoranabuhanga rya BIOS ryubakwa muri mudasobwa, rikaba ari ryo koranabuhanga rya mbere rikoreshwa na mudasobwa iyo yakijwe. Iri koranabuhanga rishobora kurindwa n’amagambo-banga, bikaba byabuza mudasobwa kwatswa n’umuntu ubonetse wese.
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Ibipimo byifashisha umubiri
Gukoresha ibipimo by’umubiri nk’ibikumwe cyangwa imboni z’ijisho mu kugenzura umwirondoro w’umuntu hifashishijwe mudasobwa.
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Bandwidth
Umuvuduko umuyoboro runaka ushobora guhererekanyaho amakuru. Iri jambo akenshi ryifashishwa mu kuvuga umuvuduko wa internet.
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Gukora kopi ngoboka
Gukoporora amakuru ahandi hantu mu rwego rwo kuyarinda kutazabura mu gihe mudasobwa yaba igize ikibazo.
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Icyanzu
Icyuho cyangwa icyanzu kiba muri mudasobwa gishobora gutuma abashaka kwinjirira mudasobwa ari cyo banyuramo. Akenshi iki cyanzu kiremwa n’abakoze mudasobwa ku bw’impamvu zemewe n’amategeko cyangwa zinyuze mu mucyo.
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Kugenzura umwirondoro
Inzira yo kugenzura ko umuntu runaka (cyangwa ikintu) ari uwo avuga ko ari we by’ukuri. Ku miyoboro rusange cyangwa bwite, iri genzura ubundi rikorwa hifashishijwe amagambo-banga.
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Umugereka
Inyandiko cyangwa porogamu zoherezwa mu butumwa bwa email nk’imigereka.
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ATM
Izi nyuguti ni impine ya “Automated Teller Machine” mu magambo y’Icyongereza, akaba ari imashini ikoranye ikoranabuhanga rifasha umuntu kubikuza cyangwa kubitsa amafaranga, bitamusabye kujya muri banki nk’uko bimenyerewe igihe umuntu ashatse amafaranga.
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Ikoranabuhanga rirwanya virusi
Ikoranabuhanga ryakorewe gushakisha no kurwanya virusi zizwi. Akenshi rishyirwa muri porogaramu irinda umutekano wa internet.
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Ikoranabuhanga rirwanya porogaramu zangiza
Ikoranabuhanga ryakorewe gushakisha no kurwanya porogaramu zangiza. Akenshi rishyirwa muri porogaramu ishinzwe umutekano wa internet.
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Android
Ikoranabuhanga ryifashishwa muri telefoni nyinshi zigezweho na tablet. Ni ikoranabuhanga ryifashishwa cyane ku isi.
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AIM
Ikoranabuhanga rifasha mu kuganira binyuze mu kohererezanya ubutumwa ako kanya.
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Adware
Ubwoko bwa porogaramu yamamaza ibintu kuri mudasobwa nyirayo atabihisemo.
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Uburiganya busaba abantu amafaranga
Uburiganya bushuka abantu kwishyura amafaranga bizezwa ko hari ikintu gifatika bazahabwa.
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Umuyobozi
Umuntu ukoresha mudasobwa ariko akaba afite ubushobozi bwo kugenzura ubureganzira abandi bakoresha iyo mudasobwa bafite, ndetse akabasha gukora izindi nshingano zisumbuyeho zo gucunga iyo mudasobwa.
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ActiveX controls
Iri koranabuhanga rishobora gutuma gukoresha internet kwawe kugenda neza kurushaho binyuze mu kwemerera amashusho kwikina cyangwa rikaba ryagufasha kujyanisha porogaramu zawe n’igihe binyuze muri Microsoft Update. Mu gihe utizeye urubuga ndetse n’uwakoze iryo koranabuhanga, ukaba udashaka kurikoresha, kanda ahanditse “Don’t run” mu gihe akadirishya birimo kaje.
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Ubugenzuzi
Uburyo bukoreshwa mu kugenzura abagera ku makuru.
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802.11
Ni urugero–fatizo rw’imiyoboro nziramugozi.
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Uburiganya bwa 419
Ni uburyo bwo kuriganya umuntu amafaranga binyuze mu kumusaba ubufasha bwo kohereza amafaranga hanze y’igihugu. Ubu buriganya bwakomotse mu bihugu byo mu Burengerazuba bw’Afurika, naho 419 ni umubare w’ingingo yo mu gitabo cy’amategeko ahana yo muri Nigeria, ihana ubwo buriganya.